Change-seeking behavior and self-identity in the satisfaction of brazilian backpackers with international backpacking trips

Carlos Yuri Ramos de Araujo; Marconi Freitas da Costa; Talita Poliana Guedes da Silva

doi:10.5585/podium.v10i4.19020

Authors

Carlos Yuri Ramos de Araujo Universidade Federal de Pernambuco http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-3213
Marconi Freitas da Costa Universidade Federal de Pernambuco http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-8359
Talita Poliana Guedes da Silva Universidade Federal de Pernambuco http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0993-9941

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5585/podium.v10i4.19020

Keywords:

Change seeking, Self-identify, Tourist satisfaction, Backpacker, International trips

Abstract

Goal of the study: This study investigated how change-seeking behaviour, global and local self-identities influence Brazilian backpackers’ satisfaction with their international backpacking trips.
Methodology / approach: We conducted a questionnaire survey with Brazilian backpackers (n = 213). Data collected were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) technique in SPSS.
Originality / Relevance: The present study is original because it proposes unprecedented notions of identity as a factor of influence in the satisfaction of the backpacker, so far an under researched topic.
Main results: Results indicate that change-seeking behaviour and global self-identity in Brazilian backpackers influence their satisfaction with the trip. Other findings showed how the subjects have higher proficiency in foreign languages and certain geographical preferences.
Theoretical / methodological contributions: The main contribution of this research is that change-seeking behavior and global self-identity are positively associated with the satisfaction of Brazilian backpackers with their international trips. Thus this work shows that consumer’s satisfaction is influenced by identity matters.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Carlos Yuri Ramos de Araujo, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Mestre em Hotelaria e Turismo

Marconi Freitas da Costa, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Professor at the Federal University of Pernambuco (Brazil). Ph.D. in Management from the University of Sao Paulo (Brazil). Coordinator of the Graduate Program in Management, Innovation, and Consumption (PPGIC) and Permanent Professor of the Graduate Program in Management (PROPAD) at Federal University of Pernambuco. Fulbright fellow for the doctoral internship (July-2014 / May-2015) at Questrom School of Business, Boston University (USA). Approved to receive the SemeAd PQ Jr. Productivity Scholarship (2022-2023). Coordinator of the Consumer Behavior Research Group (GPCC) registered in the CNPq Directory. Editor-in-Chief of Consumer Behavior Review (CBR). He was an Associate Editor of the Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental - RGSA (2019-2021). He is a founding member of SCORAI - Sustainable Consumption Research, Action and Initiative in Brazil. Main areas of interest: Consumer well-being, with an emphasis on decision-making for: sustainable consumption; health and food consumption; social media and conscious consumption; and personal finances.

Talita Poliana Guedes da Silva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Mestre em Hotelaria e Turismo

References

Alves, S., Abrantes, J. L., Antunes, M. J., Seabra, C., & Herstein, R. (2016). WOM antecedents in backpacker travelers. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1851–1856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.068

Arnett, J. J. (2002). The Psychology of Globalization. American Psychological Association, 57(10), 774–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.774

Barth, M., Jugert, P., Wutzler, M., & Fritsche, I. (2015). Absolute moral standards and global identity as independent predictors of collective action against global injustice. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(7), 918–930. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2160

Batista, K. T., Andrade, R. R., & Bezerra, N. L. (2013). O papel dos comitês de ética em pesquisa. Rev Bras Cir Plást., 27(1), 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-51752012000100025

Baumgartner, H., & Steenkamp, J. B. (2001). Response Styles in Marketing Research: A Cross-National Investigation. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.38.2.143.18840

Bello, D.; Etzel, M. (1985). The role of novelty in the pleasure travel experience. Journal of Travel Research, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758502400104

Barbosa, A., O’Neill, B., Ponte, C., Simões, J.A., & Jereissati, T. (2013). Risks and safety on the internet: Comparing Brazilian and European children. LSE, London: EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7V02Q

Burity, J. A. (2008). Brazil’s rise: Inequality, culture and globalization. Futures, 40(8), 735–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2008.02.001

Cai, W., Cohen, S. A., & Tribe, J. (2019). Harmony rules in Chinese backpacker groups. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.010

Chen, Ganghua; Bao, Jigang; Huang, Songshan. (2014). Developing a Scale to Measure Backpackers’ Personal Development. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 522–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513500392

Chen, G. H., & Huang, S. (Sam). (2019). Backpacker tourism: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 158–161. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2019-0271

.

Chen, G., Huang, S. (Sam), & Hu, X. (2019). Backpacker Personal Development, Generalized Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem: Testing a Structural Model. Journal of Travel Research, 58(4), 680–694. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518768457.

Chen, G., & Huang, S. S. (2017). Toward a theory of backpacker personal development: Cross-cultural validation of the BPD scale. Tourism Management, 59, 630–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.017.

Chen, G. Zhao, L., & Huang, S. (2020). Backpacker Identity: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 281-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519829255

Cohen, E. (2003). Backpacking: Diversity and change. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 1(2), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820308668162

Cohen, S. (2011). Lifestyle travellers. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1535–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.002

Cohen, Scott A. (2010). Personal Identity (De)formation among Lifestyle Travellers: A Double-Edged Sword. Leisure Studies, 29(3), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903434100

Collins-Kreiner, N., Yonay, Y., & Even, M. (2018). Backpacking memories: A retrospective approach to the narratives of young backpackers. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(3), 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1464637

Costa, M. F., Paula, T. S., Angelo, C. F., & Fouto, N. M. M. D. (2017). Personalidade da marca, significado do produto e impulsividade na compra por impulso: um estudo em ambiente de shopping center. RECADM: Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa, 16, 151-166. https://doi.org/10.21529/RECADM.2017007

Creswell, J. W. (2010). Projeto de pesquisa: métodos qualitativo, quantitativo e misto (3a edição). Porto Alegre: Artmed.

Dabholkar, P., & Bagozzi, R. (2002). An Attitudinal Model of Technology Based Self-Service: Moderating Effects of Consumer Traits and Situational Factors. JAMS, 30(3), 184-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070302303001

Dayour, F., A. N. Kimbu, and S. Park. (2017). Backpackers: The Need for Reconceptualization. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 191–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.06.004

Dayour, F., Park, S., & Kimbu, A. N. (2019). Backpackers’ perceived risks towards smartphone usage and risk reduction strategies: A mixed methods study. Tourism Management, 72, 52-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.003

Edensor, T. (2001). Performing tourism, staging tourism: (Re)producing tourist space and practice. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100104

Falconer, E. (2013). Transformations of the backpacking food tourist: Emotions and conflicts. Tourist Studies, 13(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797613477769

Garlington, W. K.; Shimota, H. E (1964). The change seeker index: A measure of the need for variable stimulus input. Psychological Reports, 14, 919-924. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1964.14.3.919

Hermans, H. J. M. & Dimaggio, G. (2007). Self, identity, and globalization in times of uncertainty: a dialogical analysis. Review of General Psychology, 11(1), 31-61. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.11.1.31

Loker, L. (1991). The backpacker phenomenon II: More answers to further questions. Townsville: Department of Tourism, James Cook University.

Makri, K., Papadas, K.-K. and Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2019).Global-local consumer identities as drivers of global digital brand usage. International Marketing Review, 36(5), 702-725. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-03-2018-0104

Malhotra, N. K. (2012). Pesquisa de Marketing: uma orientação aplicada (6th ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.

Nakamura, K. (2015). Problema do caixeiro viajante mochileiro: formulações e métodos de soluções. 2015. Dissertation (Masters) - Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/46303

Noy, C. (2004). This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 78– 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004

O’Reilly, C. (2006). From drifter to gap year tourist – mainstreaming back-packer travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 998–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.04.002

Paris, C. M. (2012). Flashpackers: An emerging sub-culture? Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1094–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.001

Pearce, P. L. (1990). The backpacker phenomenon: Preliminary answers to basic questions. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland.

Rosenmann, A., Reese, G., & Cameron, J. E. (2016). Social identities in a globalized world: Challenges and opportunities for collective action. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 202–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615621272

Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E. M. & Baumgartner, H. (1995). Development and Cross Cultural Validation of a Short form of CSI as a Measure of Optimum Stimulation Level. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(2), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(93)E0035-8

Srivastava, A. & Balaji, M. S. (2018). Consumer dispositions toward global brands. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(6), 618-632. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-11-2017-0290

Tu, L., Khare, A. & Zhang, Y. (2012). A short 8-item scale for measuring consumers’ local–global identity. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2011.07.003

Wang, J., Huang, X., Gong, Z., & Cao, K. (2020). Dynamic assessment of tourism carrying capacity and its impacts on tourism economic growth in urban tourism destinations in China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100383

Westjohn, A., Arnold, M., Magnusson, P., Zdravkovic, S. & Zhou, J. (2009). Technology Readiness and Usage: A Global-Identity Perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 37(3), 250-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-008-0130-0

Uriely, N., Yonay, Y., & Simchai, D. (2002). Backpacking experiences: A type and form analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 520–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00075-5

Zahra, A., & Mcintosh, A. J. (2007). Volunteer tourism: Evidence of cathartic tourist experiences. Tourism Recreation Research, 32, 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2007.11081530

Zhang, Y., & Khare, A. (2008). Consumers’ Local-Global Identity: Measurement, in Advances in Consumer Research, v. 36, eds.. Ann L. McGill and Sharon Shavitt, Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research, 41-44.

Zhang, Y., & Khare, A. (2009). The Impact of Accessible Identities on the Evaluation of Global versus Local Products. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(3), 524-537. https://doi.org/10.1086/598794

Zhang, J., Morrison, A. M., Tucker, H., & Wu, B. (2018). Am I a Backpacker? Factors Indicating the Social Identity of Chinese Backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 57(4), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517702744

Zhang, J., Tucker, H., Morrison, A. M., & Wu, B. (2017). Becoming a backpacker in China: A grounded theory approach to identity construction of backpackers. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.03.004